Source-reviewed research and assets tagged with Data generation.
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Skill-Guided Continuation Distillation first lets a policy reach its own off-trajectory states, then uses skill guidance to collect successful continuations. Mixing those continuations with expert traces supplies supervision for recovery states absent from demonstrations.
ProCUA-SFT generates tasks and synthetic trajectories on live desktops seeded with document content, checking task preconditions before rollout. The resulting step-prefix examples are formatted to match inference context and used for supervised GUI-agent fine-tuning.
VISTA forms GRPO comparison groups from target-preserving crops of the same GUI instance with exactly remapped target boxes. A conditional, advantage-weighted cross-view anchor supplies additional supervision without entering the group baseline, and evaluation includes view-consistency robustness.
Speculative Rollback Correction lets a student web agent execute short branches before teacher review localizes harmful deviations. Verified continuations and localized corrections feed supervised training while an archive retains diverse successful solutions.
DragOn supplies drag-grounding training data and a held-out benchmark for highlighting text, selecting cells, resizing elements and moving sliders. It evaluates existing vision-language models and a model fine-tuned on the drag tasks.
GUI-SAGE generates reasoning conditioned on known actions and weights policy updates using confidence and reward signals. Its experiments use AndroidControl and GUIOdyssey data and separately evaluate interactive AndroidWorld tasks.
Introduces PhoneWorld, which converts observed app pages, transitions and state changes into executable Android environments through a build-inspect-repair process. Generated tasks and programmatic verifiers support benchmarking, trajectory collection and online training.
GUI-CIDER turns GUI trajectories into textual planning and causal interface knowledge, reselects exemplars for causal structure and low redundancy, then mid-trains GUI agents on that corpus.
MIRAGE constructs mobile screenshot injections in ordinary user-content regions through localization, contextual payload generation and realism curation. Its evaluation separates visual realism from attack effectiveness against pixel-observing GUI agents.
Claw-Anything benchmarks persistent personal assistance across activity histories, backend services and integrated GUI/CLI interaction. Its simulated event histories introduce irrelevant or conflicting context, and a separate generation pipeline supplies training environments.
Presents CUA-Gym, which co-generates instructions, initial and target states, and executable reward checks through generator-discriminator iterations. Mock web applications expand training environments, with learned agents evaluated on OSWorld-Verified and WebArena.
Introduces ScaleWoB, which synthesizes interactive GUI environments as backend-free webpages with verifiable rewards. Its mobile-oriented benchmark evaluates agent execution and compares selected synthetic tasks with real-app behavior.
Weasel selects web-agent training steps by balancing importance and diversity across states, sites and interaction patterns. It also prunes training accessibility trees around known action targets and regenerates rationales to match the model’s reasoning style.
Introduces OpenComputer, which builds desktop tasks around application-state verifiers and refines those verifiers using execution feedback. An evaluation harness records trajectories and assigns auditable partial credit across professional software workflows.
MementoGUI learns a controller for selecting, compressing and retrieving textual and region-level visual memories while leaving the GUI-agent backbone fixed. It also converts computer-use traces into controller training data and evaluates semantic actions, progress and memory consistency on long-horizon tasks.
MUIAnno provides expert labels for elements in manually explored mobile-app screens, with a web annotation tool that emits structured JSON. It also supplies UI-element detection baselines for the dataset.
WinDeskGround synthesizes multi-window desktop layouts with controlled occlusion, density and semantic similarity to test GUI grounding robustness. Its instruction-target benchmark measures how localization changes when interfaces depart from simple single-layer scenes.
Introduces CUActSpot to evaluate clicks, drags, drawing and other screen interactions across GUI, text, tables, canvases and natural images. A renderer-based pipeline records geometry and screenshots, then generates matching instructions and action traces for training a grounding model.
ToolCUA synthesizes interleaved GUI/tool trajectories and trains agents to choose between graphical actions and higher-level tools. Staged supervised and reinforcement learning culminate in online hybrid-environment training with a reward for efficient execution paths.
Compares mobile world models that predict state changes as delta text, full text, images or renderable code. Downstream Android benchmarks examine synthetic training trajectories and test-time guidance, including limits of post-action reflection.
Introduces Weblica, which combines HTTP-level capture and replay with website-grounded environment synthesis. The resulting interactive web environments support reinforcement learning and tests of navigation transfer and inference-time scaling.
AutoSurfer explores website actions breadth-first, retaining page and trajectory knowledge to guide task synthesis and trajectory refinement. It evaluates the resulting training data by fine-tuning a web agent on WebArena and examining synthesized-task diversity.
AutoGUI-v2 evaluates interface functionality, grounding and predicted interaction outcomes using hierarchical regions derived through VLM-human annotation. Its tasks span multiple operating systems and expose differences between functional localization, captioning and transition-logic understanding.
Presents OpenMobile, which builds exploration-based environment memory to synthesize task instructions and switches between learner and expert policies during trajectory collection. The resulting data includes recovery behavior and is tested through mobile-agent training and benchmark-overlap analysis.
WebAgentGuard separates prompt-injection detection from the operating web agent through a parallel multimodal guard. The guard is trained on synthetic visual/textual examples using reasoning-focused supervised fine-tuning followed by reinforcement learning.
Presents WebForge, a pipeline that plans, generates, refines and validates self-contained interactive websites. WebForge-Bench uses these environments to evaluate browser agents across domains and controlled difficulty levels.
EE-MCP studies application-dependent mixtures of GUI actions and MCP calls using generated environments, trajectory collection and filtered training. An experience bank extracts rules from trajectory comparisons for inference-time improvement, distinct from model distillation.
Presents MolmoWebMix, combining synthetic browser trajectories, human demonstrations and GUI perception data, and MolmoWeb screenshot-to-action policies trained from it. Browser benchmarks also test parallel rollouts with best-of-N selection.
Introduces Gym-Anything, where a setup agent configures software environments and an independent auditor checks the resulting evidence. CUA-World supplies long-horizon tasks across professional applications, with experiments on trajectory distillation and test-time auditing.
Introduces a two-stage mobile GUI learner that first co-evolves trajectories and policies through rejection fine-tuning. Group Relative Self-Distillation then uses successful rollout branches to provide step-level supervision for failed trajectories, evaluated on AndroidWorld.
CUA-Suite combines continuous expert desktop demonstrations in VideoCUA with the UI-Vision evaluation benchmark and GroundCUA grounding data. Screen recordings, cursor traces and layered annotations support study of temporal behavior and professional software workflows.
WebPII provides synthetic e-commerce screenshots with fine-grained annotations for sensitive information, including partially filled forms and transaction identifiers. It also trains WebRedact to detect visual PII as a privacy component for computer-use agents.
Introduces HATS, which directs GUI trajectory exploration toward semantically ambiguous actions and iteratively checks instruction-execution alignment. Feedback from trajectory refinement updates the exploration signal used to collect subsequent training examples.
Introduces VeriEnv, which recreates websites as executable training environments and exposes internal state through a Python SDK for task generation and deterministic reward checks. Experiments examine web-agent learning across new and expanded site environments.
Uses GUI-based depth-first exploration to verify elementary software functions, assemble action primitives, and construct curricula of composed skills. OSExpert-Eval examines how the resulting procedural knowledge supports complex computer-use tasks.
WebChain aligns human web-interaction trajectories with visual, structural and action data for agent training. It also introduces WebChainBench and a mid-training approach that separates spatial grounding from planning.
Introduces WebFactory, a GUI-agent training pipeline that synthesizes websites, generates tasks and trajectories, and trains with decomposed rewards. Offline and online transfer evaluations examine agents trained on the generated environments.
TimeWarp tests web agents across multiple versions of the same sites, varying visual design, frontend code and workflows. TimeTraj transfers plans across versions to collect training trajectories and study robustness to interface change.
CowCorpus records interleaved human and agent actions during web navigation and identifies distinct patterns of user intervention. Models trained to anticipate these interventions are integrated into live web agents and assessed in a user study.
Introduces WebWorld, an open-web simulator trained on interaction trajectories for generating agent training data and testing candidate actions. WebWorld-Bench evaluates simulated transitions, alongside downstream web-agent training experiments.
AutoWebWorld turns finite-state task models into interactive websites whose actions and goal states can be checked programmatically. It generates verified trajectories for training and evaluates transfer to WebVoyager and Online-Mind2Web.
ScreenParse supplies dense annotations of UI elements, types and text in web screenshots through an automated rendering and filtering pipeline. ScreenVLM learns to output structured screen markup, and the study evaluates dense parsing and transfer to GUI grounding.
GUI-GENESIS reconstructs applications as lightweight web environments with executable assertions for reward computation. It evaluates the cost of these training environments and transfer from synthetic interaction training to held-out real tasks.
This work uses constraint-based progress evaluation to retain partially successful web trajectories for training. It introduces BookingArena for structured booking tasks and studies a distilled agent trained with the resulting data.
UI-Oceanus converts autonomous GUI exploration and execution feedback into supervision for predicting future interface states. It compares forward and inverse objectives during continual pretraining and examines downstream offline and online navigation as synthetic data scales.
ACuRL uses autonomous interface exploration and an adaptive task curriculum to continually train computer-use policies with reinforcement learning. CUAJudge supplies outcome feedback, and experiments study adaptation across desktop applications and environment changes.
Code2World predicts future GUI screens through renderable code, trained on AndroidCode trajectories with supervised learning and render-aware reinforcement learning. It evaluates visual prediction and downstream AndroidWorld navigation with the learned world model.
TreeCUA organizes GUI exploration trajectories as reusable trees and balances deeper tasks against broader coverage. Its data pipeline combines action verification, memory-backed recovery and a DPO variant that uses information from adjacent branches.
Introduces A11y-CUA, a dataset comparing how blind or low-vision users and sighted users perform everyday computer tasks. It contrasts those traces with agent behavior under default, keyboard-only, and magnifier conditions to identify barriers to shared control.
Next-Gen CAPTCHAs introduces generated interactive challenges intended to distinguish human users from GUI agents. The benchmark targets perception, memory, decisions and actions, with backend-supported challenge types designed for scalable instance generation.
ANCHOR expands verified desktop demonstrations by generating new tasks at meaningful branch points and executing their instructions. State-aware verification and action filtering refine the resulting trajectories, which are evaluated through fine-tuned agents on OSWorld and WindowsAgentArena.
M2-Miner uses multi-agent-guided Monte Carlo tree search to collect mobile GUI intent–trajectory pairs. Intent recycling and progressive collector training aim to increase the diversity and usefulness of the mined interaction data.
gWorld predicts future mobile GUI states as renderable web code and supplies an automated pipeline for code-based training data. The study evaluates visual state prediction and how stronger world models affect downstream mobile policies.
ToolTok represents GUI operations with learned tool tokens and frames interaction as progressive tool selection. Semantic anchoring and an easy-to-hard curriculum teach tool meanings before visual pathfinding, with evaluation across grounding scenarios.
MobileGen estimates a mobile agent’s strengths across structural and semantic task difficulty, then samples new training targets around that profile. A controllable multi-agent generator creates the corresponding instructions and GUI trajectories.
DynaWeb learns a world model that predicts web-page representations after actions and uses it to generate policy-training rollouts. It interleaves these rollouts with expert trajectories and evaluates the trained web agents on WebArena and WebVoyager.
OmegaUse combines exploratory and taxonomy-guided data synthesis with supervised fine-tuning followed by GRPO for GUI control. The report introduces OS-Nav for offline Android and Ubuntu evaluation alongside established grounding and action-prediction benchmarks.
Introduces SwipeGen for synthesizing varied swipe trajectories and SwipeBench for assessing their execution quality. The study examines how richer control of trajectory, speed, and timing changes GUI agents’ interaction performance.
GAIA trains a GUI action critic on positive and negative examples, then uses that critic to collect improved examples for another training round. It studies how recycling these data affects the test-time action choices of different GUI agents.
EvoCUA combines task synthesis with executable validators, asynchronous sandbox rollouts and iterative policy updates. It turns successful routines and analyzed failures into supervision and evaluates the evolving agent on OSWorld.
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