Tandem: Serving Hybrid Linear-Attention GUI Agents on Mobile NPUs
Tandem serves hybrid GUI-agent models on Android NPUs using divergence-point state checkpoints, rollback-aware speculative decoding and idle power release between request bursts.
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Tandem serves hybrid GUI-agent models on Android NPUs using divergence-point state checkpoints, rollback-aware speculative decoding and idle power release between request bursts.
FocusGUI learns step-specific weights over screenshot, audio, video and interaction-context channels, injecting a compact residual into a frozen decoder without pruning its inputs.
MobileInject evaluates visual/textual observation injection in stateful Android workflows using resettable emulators, benign/adversarial state oracles and trace-based diagnosis of emitted rationales and actions.
MobileJailBench evaluates mobile-agent jailbreaks in a browser-based Android-like simulator, combining feedback-driven attack evolution, separately admitted task expansions and evidence-grounded outcome adjudication.
TAG-Nav supplies Android GUI agents with destination and route memory distilled from offline app exploration. DestBench measures arrival at a reference pre-action screen, separately from downstream task execution.
Introduces GraceBench, using application transition graphs and recorded interaction evidence to diagnose deviations, loops, and recovery that final task-success scores can hide.
Introduces SwitchMem, which chooses a textual or visual representation of retrieved experience at each GUI interaction step instead of fixing one memory modality for a task.
Introduces PrivacyGuard, which sanitizes source-linked personal information and maintains locally resolvable references across mobile-agent turns to reduce exposure to remote planners.
Introduces OpenMobile-2, combining simulated mobile apps, emulator tasks, released training data, and policies that can alternate GUI interaction with app-native tools.
Evaluates Jev as a bounded action selector inside three AndroidWorld agents and two text-based ALFWorld agents, separating decision savings from task success, recovery and resources per delivered outcome.
Introduces DeltaReplay, which stores mobile GUI trajectories as transition graphs and decides at each step whether to reuse an action, substitute task-specific parameters, or defer to the base agent. This supports reuse of partially matching experiences without rewriting stored memory.
Introduces PAIR for controlled evaluation of mobile GUI agents across user-conditioned application states and RePAIR for training from cross-user subgoal outcomes. The study examines failures when personalized interfaces change which items an agent must identify.
Introduces Infinite-Dreamer, which learns action-conditioned screenshot editing from structured descriptions of GUI changes and uses it to synthesize robustness examples and multi-step trajectories. The synthetic data trains a mobile GUI agent evaluated on AndroidWorld, MobileWorld, and AndroidControl-Curated.
Evaluates whether deceptive UI content steers mobile agents away from instruction-consistent choices, using paired benign and injected decision states and decision-integrity metrics.
Introduces PhoneCLI, which explores mobile app interfaces and compiles navigation paths into reusable commands without internal app APIs or instrumentation. At execution time it verifies compiled paths and falls back to a visual agent for open-ended interaction or failed navigation.
Introduces AnyAppBench, a live Android benchmark that holds user goals fixed while changing the application used to achieve them. It combines category-controlled task pairs with failure annotations to distinguish task understanding from application-specific execution skill.
Introduces PastForward, which reuses earlier output sequences as verified decoding proposals and starts future action computation from predicted GUI transitions. Screen checks determine whether speculative computation and cached model states can be retained.
Introduces REBASE, a device–cloud protocol for repairing cached GUI experience after app updates. It combines cloud replay, device-side step verification, and progressively richer failure reports to produce repairs tied to application versions.
GUI-Hopper combines verified Android deeplinks with GUI actions, using landing-screen descriptions, hybrid trajectory training and reinforcement learning to select navigation shortcuts and recover through GUI control.
Separates occasional visual-language planning from frequent lightweight action selection over an accessibility-tree-based action space.
Trains a mobile planner with supervised trajectories and competence-adaptive RL, then couples typed tool execution with memory, skills and offline model-harness refinement.
GUI-SD-v2 extends on-policy self-distillation from grounding to multi-turn GUI interaction. It first strengthens responses to privileged guidance, then selectively distills step-specific reasoning and memory support for later actions.
PriMobiBench evaluates direct privacy leakage and user profiling from mobile GUI screenshot trajectories, supported by the MobiLeak trace dataset. It also tests masking sensitive, task-irrelevant interface elements before cloud processing and measures the resulting privacy and utility trade-off.
Describes a mobile-agent training pipeline centered on real-device rollouts, recovery of useful supervision from failures, and evolving evaluation tasks.
GraphDroid combines clustered memory of visited GUI states with asynchronous test-intent generation. A hybrid executor reserves LLM calls for complex intents and uses heuristics for simpler ones, evaluated through Android app coverage, bug discovery and crash detection.
Introduces controlled simulated mobile apps with deterministic backend data and outcome checks for reproducible evaluation of realistic interactions.
DroidTool generates application-state tools through proposal, implementation, testing and repair. Relational tests connect the tools’ preconditions and effects, and the resulting tools are evaluated as additions to Android GUI agents.
ElderBench evaluates mobile GUI agents on smartphone requests elicited from older adults, including indirect and underspecified language. Online and offline tests, instruction normalization and linguistic analyses examine how these request patterns contribute to failures.
Introduces ActReal, which translates semantic mobile-agent actions into coordinated touch and sensor signals to study automation-detection weaknesses. It evaluates detectors that observe touch events alone or together with inertial measurements under a privileged executor threat model.
Introduces intention understanding, prediction, and confirmed execution tasks over mobile GUI trajectories, with a proactive agent combining personalized intention models and experience-guided actions.
Demonstrates that unsanitized Android accessibility tree metadata exposes mobile GUI agents to stealthy indirect prompt injection attacks.
Extends AndroidWorld with controlled state, transition, and action perturbations to test mobile-agent robustness, and studies a training-free introspective recovery mechanism.
Gated Hindsight Distillation gives a teacher access to the next screenshot during training while the student sees only the available trajectory prefix. Distillation is applied when hindsight repairs a student failure, and the resulting policies are evaluated on Android tasks.
AppDeltaWorld predicts executable code updates for the next mobile UI state, using transition-constrained retrieval and rendered visual assets. It evaluates reconstruction fidelity separately from policy training and adaptation using generated environments.
Introduces SEE, which first explores mobile interfaces to build a screen-and-element transition graph, then composes task trajectories through graph planning and controlled sampling. It studies coverage, loop avoidance, and transfer after training agents on the generated sequences.
Combines GUI perception data, instructional videos, real and simulated devices, and planning with reflection to develop a mobile agent.
KnowAct-GUIClaw combines a host planner with pluggable GUI subagents, attributable experience memory and an evolving skill library. It uses user profiles and feedback for task decomposition and evaluates transfer across Android, iOS, HarmonyOS and Windows.
Analyzes cross-app privilege escalation and visual attack surfaces introduced by third-party VLM-powered mobile agents.
Describes a mobile GUI agent trained through real-device interaction, corrected failure trajectories, supervised learning, and reinforcement learning.
MobileForge couples real-app exploration and generated tasks with hierarchical feedback for mobile-agent adaptation. Its optimizer turns trajectory outcomes, step feedback and corrective hints into contextualized GRPO updates, with evaluation on AndroidWorld and a GUI-only MobileWorld split.
PhoneHarness routes phone workflows across GUI actions, device-side commands and host tools while retaining auditable execution traces. Its accompanying benchmark checks observable task side effects, separating mixed-action execution from plausible final-answer generation.
CAPED filters mobile screenshots before upload by combining task requirements, screen context and parsed UI elements to mask incidental private content. AndroidWorld and a controlled seeded privacy evaluation examine leakage reduction alongside task utility and prototype costs.
UI-KOBE explores mobile applications to build graphs of UI states and executable transitions. A lightweight agent then matches its current screenshot to the graph and chooses a transition, local action, completion signal or fallback action.
Describes asynchronous reinforcement-learning infrastructure using parallel cloud-hosted Android instances, explicit task lifecycles, and persistent-state management for mobile GUI interaction.
AndroidDaily evaluates mobile GUI agents on daily workflows in closed-source Android apps. Its GRADE evaluator follows visual trajectories against operational obligations, output-quality requirements and negative constraints, producing process-level diagnostics without hidden app state.
MobileExplorer probes relevant UI elements while an on-device model is reasoning, then supplies the exploration trace as compact context. A two-level rollback mechanism restores the working state when simple backtracking fails.
SE-GA retrieves hierarchical memories during inference and uses the collected experience in a separate policy-improvement pipeline. Its evaluation includes offline grounding/action tasks and online Android interaction, which measure different capabilities.
Describes an Android agent architecture combining multimodal perception, working and personal memory, hybrid XML/visual grounding, and reusable skills captured from user interactions.
Introduces Faithful-Agent, which first teaches abstention under perturbed evidence and then refines GUI policies with an anchor-based, variance-adaptive advantage estimator. A thought-action consistency reward encourages decisions grounded in displayed evidence and instructions.
DailyDroid compares text-only and text-plus-screenshot agents on everyday Android tasks across multiple apps and difficulty levels. Its failure analysis examines accessibility, observation modality and agent/application behavior.
Presents OpenMobile, which builds exploration-based environment memory to synthesize task instructions and switches between learner and expert policies during trajectory collection. The resulting data includes recovery behavior and is tested through mobile-agent training and benchmark-overlap analysis.
UI-Copilot separates GUI execution from on-demand memory retrieval and numerical assistance. Its training procedure treats tool selection and multi-turn task execution as distinct optimization targets while keeping persistent observations outside transient context.
Presents ClawGUI, a shared harness for GUI-agent reinforcement learning, benchmark evaluation and deployment on mobile devices. It combines parallel virtual and physical environments, process rewards, and hybrid CLI-GUI execution with persistent memory.
Introduces CORA, which calibrates a risk model to choose between executing and abstaining from mobile GUI actions, then diagnoses rejected actions to suggest interventions. Phone-Harm provides step-level safety labels for evaluating this safeguarding process.
OmniGUI evaluates step-level action prediction from interleaved smartphone screenshots, synchronous audio and video. Expert demonstrations carry multimodal-dependency annotations, and initial baselines use native multimodal models as agent proxies to study temporal and audio-related failures.
Introduces MyPhoneBench to verify whether phone-use agents minimize personal data disclosure when filling forms during benign mobile tasks.
PSPA-Bench evaluates personalized smartphone GUI behavior using user-specific instructions and a process-aware assessment of interaction traces. Its comparison of GUI agents diagnoses weaknesses in adapting workflows and preferences rather than measuring generic task completion alone.
Introduces a two-stage mobile GUI learner that first co-evolves trajectories and policies through rejection fine-tuning. Group Relative Self-Distillation then uses successful rollout branches to provide step-level supervision for failed trajectories, evaluated on AndroidWorld.
MANA combines visual, temporal and exploration signals to guide navigation toward mobile advertisements. It evaluates ad detection and interaction cost on commercial smartphones, including obfuscated-ad cases.
GUI-CEval evaluates Chinese mobile GUI agents through a hierarchy of atomic abilities and application-level tasks collected on physical devices. Its diagnostics cover perception, planning, reflection, execution and post-action evaluation across a broad set of apps.
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